Encode: RGB → YUV (BT.601) → QAM composite

Subcarrier: 3.58 MHz (suppressed carrier)

Decode: Y/C separation → synchronous demod → matrix

Artifacts: dot crawl, cross-color, chroma blur (real)

H-Sync: single short pulse per line separates scan lines (NTSC: 4.85μs, PAL: 4.7μs at 0V)

V-Sync: prolonged pulses (serrated) during V-blanking — pre-eq + long-sync + post-eq pulses

Interlace: odd/even field determined by whether V-sync starts at line boundary or mid-line